Central Government Agriculture Scheme for Farmers : Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)

Central Government Scheme : Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)  

Introduction :

Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) is a government scheme in India that promotes organic farming and the adoption of traditional farming practices. The scheme encourages farmers to cultivate crops without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, focusing on the principles of ecological balance and sustainability. 

The main features of the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) scheme are as follows:

Organic farming promotion: PKVY focuses on promoting organic farming practices among farmers. It encourages the adoption of traditional and indigenous farming methods, without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

Cluster-based approach: The scheme follows a cluster-based approach, where groups of farmers practicing organic farming are formed into clusters called "Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Kendras" (PKVKs). These clusters serve as centers for knowledge sharing, capacity building, and collective efforts in organic farming.

Financial assistance: PKVY provides financial support to farmers for the adoption and promotion of organic farming practices. The financial assistance covers various aspects such as organic inputs, vermicompost units, traditional seeds, organic certification, and training and capacity building activities.

Organic certification support: The scheme helps farmers in obtaining organic certification for their farms. Financial assistance is provided for the organic certification process, which involves complying with organic standards and guidelines. Organic certification adds credibility to the farmers' organic produce and facilitates access to organic markets.

Training and capacity building: PKVY emphasizes training and capacity building programs for farmers, farm workers, and extension personnel. These programs aim to enhance their understanding of organic farming practices, traditional knowledge systems, composting techniques, and natural pest management methods. Training is conducted through workshops, demonstrations, field visits, and exposure to successful organic farms.

Market linkages and market development: PKVY facilitates market linkages for organic produce by connecting farmers with organic certification agencies, organic product companies, retail outlets, and marketing cooperatives. It promotes the development of organic markets and provides necessary support to farmers for accessing better markets and fetching remunerative prices for their organic produce.

Monitoring and evaluation: The scheme has a robust monitoring and evaluation system in place to track the progress and impact of organic farming practices. Regular monitoring of the PKVKs is carried out to ensure compliance with organic farming guidelines and to assess the effectiveness of the scheme.

Area-based approach: PKVY follows an area-based approach, focusing on clusters of farmers practicing organic farming in contiguous areas. This approach helps create a critical mass of organic farms, facilitates knowledge exchange, and creates a sustainable organic farming ecosystem.

Traditional seed conservation: The scheme emphasizes the conservation and promotion of traditional and indigenous seeds. Farmers are encouraged to conserve and use traditional seeds for their crops, preserving agro-biodiversity and traditional knowledge associated with these seeds.

Finance and Subsidy :

Under the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) scheme, financial assistance and subsidies are provided to farmers for the adoption and promotion of organic farming practices. Here is an overview of the finance and subsidy components of the PKVY scheme:

Financial Assistance: The central government provides financial assistance to farmers participating in the PKVY scheme. The assistance is provided on a cost-sharing basis between the central and state governments.

Subsidy for Organic Inputs: Farmers are eligible for subsidies on organic inputs such as organic manures, bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides, vermicompost units, and other organic farming inputs. The subsidy rates vary and are determined by the implementing authorities.

Seed Subsidy: The PKVY scheme also provides subsidies for traditional and indigenous seeds. Farmers can avail subsidies on the purchase of traditional seeds for organic farming, encouraging the conservation and use of traditional seed varieties.

Subsidy for Vermicompost Units: Farmers can avail subsidies for setting up vermicompost units. Vermicompost is an organic fertilizer produced by the decomposition of organic material through earthworms. Subsidies for vermicompost units aim to promote the production and utilization of organic fertilizers.

Organic Certification Subsidy: Financial assistance is provided to farmers for obtaining organic certification for their farms. The subsidy covers a portion of the expenses involved in the organic certification process, including compliance with organic farming standards and guidelines.

Training and Capacity Building Subsidy: The PKVY scheme offers subsidies for training and capacity building programs conducted for farmers, farm workers, and extension personnel. These subsidies cover a portion of the expenses associated with organizing workshops, demonstrations, field visits, and training programs related to organic farming practices.

It's important to note that the specific subsidy rates and financial assistance provided under the PKVY scheme may vary from state to state and are subject to changes based on government policies and budgetary decisions. Farmers interested in availing subsidies under the PKVY scheme should refer to the official guidelines and contact the State Department of Agriculture or the designated implementing agency in their respective state for detailed information on subsidy rates, application procedures, and eligibility criteria.

The Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) scheme has several advantages and disadvantages. Here are some of the main advantages and disadvantages associated with the PKVY scheme:

Advantages of PKVY Scheme:

Promotion of organic farming: The PKVY scheme encourages farmers to adopt organic farming practices, reducing reliance on chemical inputs and promoting environmentally sustainable agricultural practices. It helps in improving soil health, preserving biodiversity, and reducing the environmental impact of agriculture.

Income enhancement: Organic produce generally fetches higher prices in the market due to increased consumer demand for organic products. By adopting organic farming practices under the PKVY scheme, farmers have the potential to increase their income by accessing premium markets for organic produce.

Conservation of traditional knowledge: The PKVY scheme emphasizes the conservation and promotion of traditional and indigenous farming practices. This helps in preserving traditional knowledge systems, crop varieties, and sustainable farming techniques, contributing to the cultural heritage and agricultural diversity of the country.

Soil health improvement: Organic farming practices promoted under the PKVY scheme focus on building soil fertility and improving soil health through the use of organic manures, composting, and other natural inputs. This can enhance long-term soil productivity and reduce soil degradation.

Reduced health risks: By reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the PKVY scheme can help mitigate health risks associated with pesticide exposure for farmers, farm workers, and consumers. It promotes safer agricultural practices and encourages the production of chemical-free food.

Disadvantages of PKVY Scheme:

Transition challenges: Shifting from conventional farming practices to organic farming methods may pose initial challenges for farmers. It requires learning new techniques, adjusting to different pest management strategies, and managing the transition period during which yields may be lower.

Limited scalability: Organic farming typically requires more land, time, and labor compared to conventional farming methods. The PKVY scheme, focusing on traditional and indigenous practices, may have limitations in terms of scalability to larger agricultural systems.

Market access and premium pricing: While organic farming can provide higher prices for produce, accessing organic markets and obtaining premium prices may be challenging for some farmers. Market linkages, certification costs, and meeting quality standards can pose hurdles for farmers participating in the PKVY scheme.

Yield variability: Organic farming practices may result in yield variability compared to conventional farming methods, especially during the transition period. Farmers may face fluctuations in crop yields, which can impact their income stability.

Certification costs: Obtaining organic certification can involve costs and administrative procedures. Farmers participating in the PKVY scheme may need to invest time and resources in complying with organic certification requirements, which can be a potential disadvantage for small-scale farmers with limited resources.

How To Apply:

To apply for the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) scheme, you can follow these general steps:

Visit the official website: Go to the official website of the State Department of Agriculture or Horticulture of your respective state. The PKVY scheme is implemented at the state level, so it is important to refer to the specific guidelines and application procedures provided by your state government.

Gather information: Obtain detailed information about the PKVY scheme, including eligibility criteria, application process, required documents, and timelines. This information can be found on the official website or by contacting the State Department of Agriculture or Horticulture.

Check eligibility: Review the eligibility criteria to determine if you meet the requirements for availing benefits under the PKVY scheme. The eligibility criteria may include factors such as landholding, type of farming, category of farmer, and other specific conditions set by the state government.

Prepare necessary documents: Gather all the required documents as specified in the application guidelines. This may include identity proof, land documents, bank account details, caste or category certificates (if applicable), and any other supporting documents as per the scheme's requirements.

Fill out the application form: Obtain the application form from the designated authority or download it from the official website. Fill out the form accurately and provide all the necessary details as requested. Make sure to double-check the information provided before submitting the form.

Attach supporting documents: Attach all the required supporting documents along with the application form. Ensure that the documents are duly attested or certified as per the guidelines mentioned in the application form.

Submit the application: Submit the completed application form along with the supporting documents to the designated authority or department. Follow the specified submission process, which may include submitting the application in person, mailing it, or applying online through a dedicated portal, if available.

Follow-up and verification: After submitting the application, regularly follow up with the designated authority or department to track the progress of your application. They may conduct verification processes, site visits, or additional documentation checks as part of the application evaluation process.

Benefit disbursal: If your application is approved, you will be notified by the designated authority regarding the benefits you are eligible to receive under the PKVY scheme. The assistance, subsidies, or other benefits will be disbursed through the designated mode, such as direct bank transfer, as per the prescribed procedure.

Central Government Scheme : The Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)

 Central Government Scheme : The Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) 

Introduction :

The Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) is a centrally sponsored scheme implemented by the Government of India to promote holistic and sustainable development of the horticulture sector in the country. Launched in 2014-15, MIDH aims to enhance horticultural production, improve productivity, and strengthen the value chain from farm to market.

Main Features of MIDH :

The Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) scheme has several main features that aim to promote holistic development and sustainability in the horticulture sector. The key features of the MIDH scheme include:

Comprehensive approach: MIDH adopts a comprehensive approach by covering various aspects of horticulture, including fruits, vegetables, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, and medicinal crops. It addresses the entire horticulture value chain, from production to post-harvest management, processing, and marketing.

Area-based planning: The scheme promotes area-based planning, considering the specific agro-climatic conditions, local crop suitability, and market demand. It encourages the selection of horticulture crops based on the potential of the region, ensuring optimal utilization of resources and improved profitability for farmers.

Support for production inputs: MIDH provides support for the production inputs required for horticultural crops. This includes assistance for high-quality planting material, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides, and other necessary inputs. The scheme aims to ensure the availability of quality inputs to farmers at affordable prices.

Capacity building and training: MIDH focuses on capacity building and training programs for farmers, entrepreneurs, and other stakeholders in the horticulture sector. It promotes the dissemination of knowledge, advanced technologies, and best practices through training, demonstrations, exposure visits, workshops, and seminars. This helps in enhancing skills, improving productivity, and adopting modern techniques.

Infrastructure development: The scheme emphasizes the creation of necessary infrastructure and facilities for horticulture. It supports the development of irrigation systems, nurseries, polyhouses, greenhouses, cold storage units, pack houses, processing units, and marketing infrastructure. The aim is to improve post-harvest management, reduce wastage, and enhance market access for horticultural produce.

Market linkage and value addition: MIDH focuses on strengthening market linkages and value addition activities in the horticulture sector. It supports the establishment of farmer-producer organizations, market yards, wholesale markets, e-marketing platforms, and food processing units. This facilitates better price realization for farmers and promotes value addition activities to enhance income opportunities.

Promotion of organic farming: The scheme encourages the adoption of organic farming practices in horticulture. It provides support for organic input production, certification, and capacity building on organic farming techniques. This promotes sustainable and environmentally friendly horticultural production, addressing the increasing demand for organic produce.

Research and development: MIDH promotes research and development activities in the horticulture sector. It supports the establishment of research institutes, centers of excellence, and innovation centers to address the challenges specific to horticulture and develop new technologies, varieties, and pest management approaches.

Convergence with other schemes: MIDH aims to achieve convergence with other related schemes and programs to maximize the impact and benefits. It coordinates with schemes such as the National Horticulture Mission (NHM), Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), and other agriculture and rural development programs to ensure effective implementation and resource utilization.

Advantages of the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) scheme:

Holistic development: MIDH adopts a comprehensive approach to horticulture development, covering various crops and aspects of the value chain. It promotes integrated and sustainable development, addressing production, post-harvest management, processing, and marketing, leading to overall sector growth.

Increased productivity and income: MIDH focuses on improving productivity through the adoption of modern technologies, improved varieties, and best practices. This leads to increased crop yields and improved quality, resulting in higher farm incomes for horticulture farmers.

Diversification and crop mix: The scheme encourages diversification in horticulture by promoting the cultivation of a wide range of crops. This reduces risks associated with mono-cropping and enhances market opportunities. It also promotes the cultivation of high-value and niche crops, providing farmers with additional income sources.

Value addition and market linkage: MIDH emphasizes value addition activities such as processing, packaging, and branding of horticultural produce. This helps in capturing a higher share of the value chain and enhancing market opportunities. The scheme also supports market linkages, enabling farmers to connect with buyers and access better prices for their produce.

Infrastructure development: MIDH supports the creation of essential infrastructure and facilities such as irrigation systems, cold storage units, processing units, and market yards. This enhances post-harvest management, reduces wastage, and improves the shelf life and quality of horticultural produce.

Capacity building and knowledge dissemination: The scheme promotes capacity building and training programs for farmers, entrepreneurs, and stakeholders in the horticulture sector. This helps in disseminating knowledge, sharing best practices, and improving skills. It empowers farmers to adopt modern techniques, enhance productivity, and make informed decisions.

Disadvantages of the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) Scheme:

Implementation challenges: Implementing a large-scale scheme like MIDH across diverse geographical regions can be challenging. Ensuring timely and effective implementation, coordination between different stakeholders, and monitoring progress can be complex.

Limited coverage and resources: The scheme may not cover all horticulture farmers, particularly those in remote areas or with small landholdings. Limited resources may lead to inadequate support and reach, resulting in disparities in benefits among farmers.

Sustainability concerns: The emphasis on high-input horticulture practices may raise concerns about the long-term sustainability of production systems. Overreliance on chemical inputs, water resources, and intensive cultivation practices without adequate attention to environmental conservation and resource management can have negative ecological impacts.

Access to finance and credit: Availability of finance and credit is crucial for farmers to adopt modern technologies, invest in infrastructure, and expand their horticulture activities. Limited access to formal credit, particularly for small and marginal farmers, can hinder their participation and benefit from the scheme.

Market risks and price volatility: Despite efforts to strengthen market linkages, horticulture farmers may still face market risks, price volatility, and fluctuations in demand and supply. Lack of assured procurement systems and market intelligence can expose farmers to uncertainties in marketing their produce.

Need for continuous monitoring and evaluation: To ensure the scheme's effectiveness, regular monitoring and evaluation are essential. This helps identify gaps, assess impact, and make necessary improvements. Insufficient monitoring and evaluation mechanisms may limit the scheme's ability to achieve its desired outcomes.

Finance and Subsidy :

The finance and subsidy components of the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) scheme involve both central and state government funding. Here is a breakdown of the finance and subsidy aspects:

Central Assistance: The central government provides financial assistance to the states/UTs for implementing various components of the MIDH scheme. The assistance is provided on a cost-sharing basis, with different sharing patterns depending on the component.

State/UT Contribution: The respective state or union territory (UT) government also contributes a share of the funds required for implementing the MIDH scheme. The contribution varies based on the component and the state/UT's financial capacity.

Subsidy Component: The MIDH scheme offers subsidies to farmers and other stakeholders in the horticulture sector to promote their participation and adoption of best practices. The subsidies are provided for various activities such as:

Planting material: Subsidies are provided for high-quality planting material, including seeds, seedlings, saplings, and rootstocks.

Infrastructure development: Subsidies are offered for setting up infrastructure such as polyhouses, greenhouses, shade net houses, cold storage units, pack houses, and processing units.

Machinery and equipment: Subsidies are provided for the purchase of agricultural machinery and equipment, including tools for cultivation, harvesting, and post-harvest management.

Inputs: Subsidies are available for inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides, and other necessary inputs for horticulture production.

Certification: Subsidies are offered for organic certification, encouraging farmers to adopt organic farming practices.

Capacity building: Subsidies are provided for training programs, workshops, seminars, demonstrations, and exposure visits to enhance the skills and knowledge of farmers and stakeholders.

Budget Allocation: The central government allocates a budget for the MIDH scheme in its annual budgetary allocations. The budgetary provisions may vary from year to year based on the government's priorities and overall allocation for the agriculture and horticulture sectors.

Financial Management: The funds allocated for the MIDH scheme are managed and disbursed through designated agencies or departments responsible for implementing the scheme at the state or UT level. These agencies are responsible for ensuring proper utilization of funds, monitoring progress, and reporting on the utilization and impact of the funds.

It's important to note that the specific financial allocations, subsidy rates, and sharing patterns may vary from state to state and are subject to changes based on government policies and budgetary decisions. Farmers and stakeholders interested in availing the subsidies under the MIDH scheme should refer to the official guidelines and contact the State Department of Horticulture or the implementing agency in their respective state/UT for detailed information on the subsidy rates, application procedures, and eligibility criteria.

How To Apply :

To apply for the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) scheme, you can follow these general steps:

Identify the implementing agency: The MIDH scheme is implemented by the State Department of Horticulture or a designated agency in each state or union territory (UT). Identify the relevant department or agency responsible for implementing the scheme in your area.

Gather information: Obtain detailed information about the MIDH scheme, including its components, eligibility criteria, subsidy rates, and the required application documents. This information can be obtained from the official website of the State Department of Horticulture or by contacting the relevant department or agency.

Fulfill eligibility criteria: Review the eligibility criteria to determine if you meet the requirements for availing benefits under the MIDH scheme. The eligibility criteria may include factors such as landholding, type of horticulture activity, category of farmer, and other specific conditions based on the scheme's components.

Prepare necessary documents: Gather all the required documents as specified in the application guidelines. This may include identity proof, land documents, bank account details, caste or category certificates (if applicable), and any other supporting documents as per the scheme's requirements.

Fill out the application form: Obtain the application form from the designated agency or download it from the official website. Fill out the form accurately and provide all the necessary details as requested. Make sure to double-check the information provided before submitting the form.

Attach supporting documents: Attach all the required supporting documents along with the application form. Ensure that the documents are duly attested or certified as per the guidelines mentioned in the application form.

Submit the application: Submit the completed application form along with the supporting documents to the designated agency or department. Follow the specified submission process, which may include submitting the application in person, mailing it, or applying online through a dedicated portal, if available.

Follow-up and verification: After submitting the application, regularly follow up with the designated agency or department to track the progress of your application. The agency may conduct verification processes, site visits, or additional documentation checks as part of the application evaluation process.

Benefit disbursal: If your application is approved, you will be notified by the designated agency regarding the subsidy or benefits you are eligible to receive under the MIDH scheme. The subsidy amount or other assistance will be disbursed through the designated mode, such as direct bank transfer, as per the prescribed procedure.

Driverless Vehicles for Agro Industry

 

Driverless Vehicles for Agro Industry 

AutoAgri is a company that has developed a driverless implement carrier that can be used in agriculture. This vehicle is designed to automate many tasks on a farm, making it more efficient and cost-effective. Here are some key features of AutoAgri's driverless implement carrier:

Autonomous operation: The vehicle is equipped with advanced sensors, cameras, and other technologies that allow it to operate autonomously. It can navigate through fields, avoid obstacles, and follow predetermined routes.

Versatility: The implement carrier can be used for a wide range of tasks, such as plowing, planting, harvesting, and spraying. It can also tow trailers and other equipment.

Energy-efficient: The vehicle is powered by an electric motor, making it more energy-efficient than traditional tractors. It also has a regenerative braking system that helps to conserve energy.

Precision agriculture: The implement carrier can be programmed to apply fertilizer, pesticides, and other inputs with a high degree of precision. This can help to reduce waste and improve crop yields.

Data collection: The vehicle can collect data on soil conditions, crop health, and other factors that affect farming. This data can be used to make more informed decisions about planting, harvesting, and other operations.

Safety features: The implement carrier is designed with safety in mind. It has emergency stop buttons, obstacle detection sensors, and other features to prevent accidents.

Overall, AutoAgri's driverless implement carrier has the potential to revolutionize agriculture by making it more efficient, sustainable, and productive.

Advantages:

1.Increased efficiency: The driverless implement carrier can operate around the clock, without the need for breaks or rest. This can lead to increased efficiency in farming operations, as tasks can be completed more quickly and with greater accuracy.

2.Cost savings: The implement carrier can reduce labor costs by eliminating the need for human operators. It can also save on fuel costs, as it is powered by electricity and has regenerative braking.

3.Precision agriculture: The vehicle can be programmed to apply inputs with a high degree of precision, which can lead to better crop yields and reduced waste.

4.Safety: The driverless implement carrier is equipped with safety features such as obstacle detection sensors and emergency stop buttons, which can prevent accidents and improve safety.

5.Data collection: The vehicle can collect data on soil conditions, crop health, and other factors that affect farming. This data can be used to make more informed decisions about planting, harvesting, and other operations.

Disadvantages:

1.High cost: The driverless implement carrier is a relatively new technology and can be expensive to purchase and maintain.

2.Limited adaptability: The vehicle is designed for use in specific types of farming operations, and may not be adaptable to other tasks. 3.Dependence on technology: The implement carrier relies on advanced technology, which may not be reliable in all situations. It may also require specialized training to operate and maintain. 4.Job loss: The driverless implement carrier eliminates the need for human operators, which could lead to job loss in the farming industry.

5.Legal and regulatory challenges: There may be legal and regulatory challenges associated with the use of driverless vehicles in agriculture, including safety and liability concerns.

Vegan Cactus Leather : A New Agrobased Business

 

Vegan Cactus Leather : A New Agrobased Business

Vegan leather made from cactus is a sustainable and cruelty-free alternative to traditional leather. The material is derived from the nopal cactus, which is abundant in Mexico and requires very little water to grow. The cactus leaves are harvested without harming the plant, and the fibers are then processed into a leather-like material that can be used to make a wide range of products, including bags, shoes, and clothing.

One of the advantages of cactus leather is that it is biodegradable, meaning that it will break down naturally over time and will not contribute to landfill waste like traditional leather. Additionally, cactus leather is more environmentally friendly than synthetic leather, which is often made from petroleum-based materials and can take hundreds of years to decompose.

Overall, cactus leather is an innovative and sustainable material that offers a viable alternative to traditional leather. As the demand for ethical and sustainable products continues to grow, it is likely that we will see more products made from cactus leather in the future.

Yes, it is possible to make vegan leather from cactus. The material is commonly known as "cactus leather" or "vegan cactus leather." It is made from the leaves of the nopal cactus, which is native to Mexico.

The process of making cactus leather involves harvesting the mature leaves of the cactus, cleaning and processing them, and then using a combination of natural and synthetic materials to create a leather-like material. The resulting material is eco-friendly and sustainable, as it does not require the use of animals and can be produced without the use of harmful chemicals.

Cactus leather is becoming increasingly popular as a sustainable alternative to traditional leather, which is often associated with environmental degradation and animal cruelty. It is a durable and versatile material that can be used in a variety of products, including clothing, accessories, and furniture. Additionally, it has a unique texture and appearance that makes it a desirable choice for those looking for something different from traditional leather.

 Difference between vegan leather and traditional leather:

Vegan leather and traditional leather differ in their composition, production processes, and environmental impact.

Composition:

Vegan leather is typically made from synthetic or plant-based materials, such as polyurethane, PVC, or cactus, whereas traditional leather is made from animal hides. Vegan leather is therefore free from animal-derived materials, making it suitable for people who follow a vegan lifestyle or are concerned about animal welfare.

Production Processes:

The production of traditional leather involves a series of chemical-intensive processes, including tanning, dyeing, and finishing, which require significant amounts of water and energy. In contrast, the production of vegan leather generally involves fewer chemicals and is less resource-intensive. However, it is worth noting that some types of vegan leather, such as those made from PVC, can be harmful to the environment and human health.

Environmental Impact:

Traditional leather production has a significant environmental impact. It is associated with deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, and the use of harmful chemicals. In comparison, vegan leather is often marketed as a more sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional leather, especially when made from plant-based materials.

In summary, the main differences between vegan leather and traditional leather are their composition, production processes, and environmental impact. Vegan leather is made from synthetic or plant-based materials and is generally less resource-intensive and eco-friendly, while traditional leather is made from animal hides and is associated with significant environmental impact.

Can India produce vegan leather

Yes, India can manufacture vegan leather. In fact, India is one of the world's largest manufacturers and exporters of leather products. However, with the growing demand for sustainable and cruelty-free products, many Indian companies are now also exploring the production of vegan leather.

India has a thriving textile industry and a rich tradition of working with plant-based materials, making it well-positioned to produce vegan leather made from plant-based materials such as pineapple, mushroom, and cactus. Several Indian companies have already started producing vegan leather using these materials, and there is potential for more companies to enter this market as the demand for sustainable products continues to grow.

Additionally, India has a large number of skilled artisans and craftsmen who are adept at working with leather and other materials, which can help in the production of high-quality vegan leather products. As the demand for sustainable and eco-friendly products continues to rise, India has the potential to become a major player in the production of vegan leather.

 Vegan leather Industries in India :

The production of vegan leather is still a relatively new industry in India, and the number of companies producing it is still limited. However, there are a few cities in India where vegan leather companies are based. Some of the cities where vegan leather industries are available in India include:

Mumbai: Mumbai is home to several companies that produce vegan leather products, including shoes, bags, and accessories. Some of the popular vegan leather brands based in Mumbai include Bourgeois Boheme, Veggani, and Zouk.

Delhi: Delhi is another city in India where vegan leather companies are based. Some of the popular vegan leather brands based in Delhi include NOHIDE, Fae Bikes, and Kanabis.

Bangalore: Bangalore is known for its technology industry, but it is also home to several vegan leather companies. Some of the popular vegan leather brands based in Bangalore include Malai, Aulive, and The Alternate.

Chennai: Chennai is another city in India where vegan leather companies are based. Some of the popular vegan leather brands based in Chennai include Chirita, Vaniqa, and Sui.

It is worth noting that there may be vegan leather companies located in other cities in India as well, and the number of companies and their locations may change as the industry grows and evolves.

 Advantages and Disadvantages of vegan cactus leather:

Advantages of Vegan Cactus Leather:

Sustainable: Vegan cactus leather is an eco-friendly alternative to traditional leather because it doesn't involve animal slaughter, and the cultivation of the cactus plant requires less water than traditional crops.

Durable: Vegan cactus leather is strong and durable, which makes it a good material for various products such as bags, shoes, and furniture.

Biodegradable: Cactus leather is biodegradable and will decompose naturally, making it a more environmentally friendly option than traditional leather that takes a long time to break down.

Hypoallergenic: Cactus leather is hypoallergenic and does not cause skin irritation or allergic reactions like some traditional leather products.

Disadvantages of Vegan Cactus Leather:

Cost: The cost of producing vegan cactus leather can be higher than that of traditional leather, making it more expensive for consumers.

Limited availability: Vegan cactus leather is a relatively new material, and production is limited to a few manufacturers, making it less accessible than traditional leather.

Quality: The quality of vegan cactus leather can vary depending on the production process and materials used. Some types of vegan cactus leather may not be as durable as traditional leather, which can affect the longevity of products made with it.

Processing: The process of creating vegan cactus leather involves a combination of natural and synthetic materials, which can raise concerns about the use of chemicals in the production process.

In conclusion, vegan cactus leather is a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional leather that has several advantages, including durability and biodegradability. However, it also has some disadvantages, such as limited availability and higher production costs. As the technology for producing vegan cactus leather improves, these drawbacks are likely to decrease, making it an increasingly popular and accessible material.

राजमा : महाराष्ट्रातील रब्बीच्या हंगामात अधिकचे उत्पन्न देणारे शेंगावर्गीय पिक

राजमा हे उष्ण कटिबंध प्रदेशात मोठ्या प्रमाणात पिकवला जातो. आफ्रिका, युरोप आणि अमेरिका येथे याला खूप मोठया प्रमाणात डाळ म्हणून खाल्या जाते. भारतात राजमा हा उत्तराखंड, हिमाचल प्रदेश, कर्नाटक, तामिळनाडू, आणि आंध्र प्रदेश मध्ये पिकवला जातो.

राजमा हे थंड हवामानात येणारे पीक आहे.हे पिक साधारण 75 ते 85 दिवसात तयार होते. त्यामुळे पाण्याची मुबलक प्रमाणात व्यवस्था असल्यास हिवाळ्यामध्ये राजमा आणि उन्हाळ्यामध्ये भुईमुग या पिकास अवलंब करता येतो.राजमा हे पिकाचा वेल मुगासारखे आहे. त्याची उंची गुडघ्या इतकी असते. याचे दाणे घेवडा व काही प्रमाणात येरंड्यासारखी दिसतात. या पिकापासून मिळणाऱ्या दाण्यांचा हॉटेलात भाजीसाठी वापर केला जातो. त्यातून प्रोटीन मोठ्या प्रमाणात मिळतात, त्यामुळे आरोग्यासाठी ते चांगले आहे. याच्या कोवळ्या शेंगाचीही भाजी तयार होते. त्यामुळे बाजारात याला चांगली मागणी आहे. 

लाल रंगाची थोडी गुलाबी असलेली ही किडनी बीन्स (kidney beans) आपल्या शरीरासाठी खूप आरोग्यवर्धक आहे. या बियांची भाजी मोठया आवडीने आपल्याकडे खाल्ली जाते व तितकेच red kidney beans चे आरोग्यासाठी फायदे सुद्धा आहेत. राजमा लाच आपल्या मराठी भाषेत घेवडा असे म्‍हणतात. याला किडनी बीन्स असे म्हणतात. कारण याचा आकार हा किडनी सारखा आहे.

राजमा चे प्रकार :

1) हलका लाल राजमा

हा राजमा बाकी राजमा पेक्षा आकारात थोडा मोठा असतो याला शिजायला 90 ते 120 मिनिट लागतात.

2) काळा राजमा

हा मिडीयम आकार असलेला काळा रंगाचा चा राजमा आहे. हा राजमा खायला गोड असतो

3) गर्ध लाल राजमा

हा राजमा आकारामध्ये थोडा मोठा असतो. याचा वापर जास्त सूप तयार करण्यासाठी केला जातो.

4) नेवी बीन्स

हा राजमा छोटा असतो. याला शिजायला 90 ते 120 मिनिटं लागतात. हा राजमा पण आकाराने छोटा असतो. याला शिजायला फक्त 60 मिनिटे लागतात. लवकर राजमा तयार करायचा असेल तर हा राजमा जास्त वापरला जातो.

5) पिटो राजमा

हा राजमा जास्त प्रमाणात रशिया मध्ये खाल्ला जातो. याचा आकार हा मिडीयम असतो.

जमिनीची निवड व मशागत :

राजमा या पिकास मध्यम ते भारी पाण्याचा चांगला निचरा होणारी जमिनी सर्वोत्तम ठरते. चोपण अथवा पाणी साचणारी जमीन या पिकाकरीत निवडू नये. खरीप हंगामातील पिकांची कापणी झाल्याबरोबर राजमा या पिकाचे जास्त उत्पादन मिळण्याकरिता जमीन लोखंडी नागराने किंवा ट्रॅक्टरद्वारे नांगरून नंतर वखराच्या दोन- तीन पाळ्या देवून जमीन भुसभुशीत करावी.

योग्य जातीची निवड :

वेळेवर म्हणजे ऑक्टोबरच्या शेवटच्या आठवड्यात पेरणी करिता व्हीएल 63, एचयुआर 15, पीडिआर 14, एचयुआर 137 या जातीची निवड करावी. उशीरा पेरणी करिता एचयुआर 87 व एचयुआर 137 ह्या जातीची लागवड करावी.

पेरणी :

या पिकाची पेरणी वाणानुसार करावी एचयुआर 15 आणि पीडीआर 14 हे वाण असल्यास दोन ओळीतील अंतर 30 से.मी. त्याचप्रमाणे दोन रोपातील अंतर 10 से.मी. ठेवावे. आणि व्हीएल 63 आणि एचयुआर 137 या वाणाकरीता दोन ओळीतील अंतर 45 से.मी. तर दोन झाडामधील अंतर 10 सेमी. ठेवावे लागणार आहे.

खताच्या मात्रा आणि पाण्याचे नियोजन :

राजमा या पिकाचे भरपूर उत्पादन करिता पेरणीच्या वेळेस 90 किलो नत्र आणि 60 किलो स्फुरद या प्रमाणात रासायनिक खताच्या मात्रा दयाव्यात . पिक फुलोऱ्यात असताना 2 टक्के युरीयाची फवारणी केल्यास उत्पन्नात वाढ होते. राजमा या पिकाला साधारण 7 ते 9 पाळ्या द्यावा लागतात. पेरणी आगोदर पाणी देवून वाफसा आल्यानंतर पेरणी करावी. पेरणीनंतर पून्हा पाणी द्यावे. बियाण्यावर मातीचा कडक थर जमा झाल्यास 3 ते 4 दिवसांन पाणी द्यावे यामुळे बियाणे उगवण्यास मदत होते. नंतर जमिनीच्या मगदुराप्रमाणे 10 ते 15 दिवसाच्या अंतराने पाण्याच्या पाळ्या घालाव्या लागणार आहे.

राजमा हे एकूण ८० दिवसांचे पीक असून ६५ दिवसात शेंगा (legumes) लागतात. हिरव्या शेंगांनाही स्थानिक बाजारात उचल मिळते. 

बियाण्‍याचे प्रमाण :

प्रति हेक्‍टरी 40 किलो बियाणे लागते. टोकन पध्‍दतीने लागवड केल्‍यास हेक्‍टरी 25 ते 30 किलो बी लागते.

उत्‍पादन :

श्रावण घेवडयाचे हेक्‍टरी उत्‍पादन 27 क्विंटलपर्यंत घेता येते.

काळ्या हळदीची शेती : शेतकऱ्यांसाठी एक शाश्वत उत्पन्नाचे साधन

  काळ्या हळदीची शेती : शेतकऱ्यांसाठी एक शाश्वत उत्पन्नाचे  साधन

काळी हळद शास्त्रीय नाव:

काळ्या हळदीला वनस्पतिशास्त्रात Curcuma cassia आणि इंग्रजीत black jedori म्हणतात. काळ्या हळदीचे कंद किंवा राइझोम सुकल्यावर दंडगोलाकार, गडद रंगाचे कठीण स्फटिक बनतात. राइझोमचा रंग काळा असतो.हळदीचे मुळ म्हणजेच कांडी ही आतून काळी किंवा वांग्याच्या रंगाचे असते. त्याची वनस्पती स्टेमलेस हर्बेसियस आणि 30 ते 60 सेमी उंच आहे. उंच उगवते. पाने वरच्या पृष्ठभागावर निळसर-जांभळ्या मधोमध शिरा असलेली रुंद लॅन्सोलेट आहेत. फुले गुलाबी रंगाची असतात आणि काठावर कोटिलेडॉन असतात.

काळ्या हळदीचा उपयोग:

काळ्या हळदीमध्ये खूप सारे औषधी गुण आहेत. यामुळे ही हळद सामान्य हळदीपेक्षा जास्त किंमती आहे. याची शेती करून जास्तीचा फायदा कमविता येईल. काळ्या हळदीचा वापर औषधे बनविण्यासाठी केला जातो. कॉस्मेटिक उत्पादने बनविण्यासाठी ही हळद वापरतात.ही हळद न्युमोनिया, खोकला, ताप, अस्थमा आदी आजारांवर गुणकारी आहे. याशिवाय या हळदीचा लेप डोक्यावर लावल्यास मायग्रेनपासून दिलासा मिळतो. ल्यूकोडर्मा, मिर्गी सारख्या रोगांवरही ही हळद उपायकारक आहे. सौदर्य वाढविण्यासाठी देखील वापरतात.काळी हळद आपल्या चमत्कारिक गुणधर्मामुळे देश-विदेशात खूप प्रसिद्ध आहे. मजबूत प्रतिजैविक गुणधर्म असलेल्या औषधी वनस्पती म्हणून काळी हळद वापरली जाते. काळ्या हळदीचा उपयोग जखमा, मोच, त्वचा रोग, पचन आणि यकृताच्या समस्या बरे करण्यासाठी केला जातो. हे कोलेस्ट्रॉल कमी करण्यास मदत करते.

हवामान:

काळ्या हळदीच्या लागवडीसाठी हवामान अनुकूल आहे. त्यासाठी १५ ते ४० अंश सेंटीग्रेड तापमान योग्य मानले जाते. त्याची झाडे दंव देखील सहन करतात आणि प्रतिकूल हवामानातही त्यांचे अनुकूलन टिकवून ठेवतात.

जमिन :

 त्याच्या लागवडीसाठी वालुकामय, चिकणमाती, मटियार, मध्यम जमीन ज्याची पाणी धरून ठेवण्याची क्षमता चांगली आहे. याउलट, चिकणमाती, मिश्र मातीत कंद वाढत नाहीत. त्याच्या लागवडीसाठी, जमिनीत भरपूर जीवाश्म असावेत. पाणी साचलेल्या किंवा कमी सुपीक जमिनीत त्याची लागवड केली जात नाही. त्याच्या लागवडीसाठी जमिनीचा pH. 5 ते 7 च्या दरम्यान असावे.

 लागवडीची तयारी :

सर्व प्रथम, जमिनीच्या वळणाच्या नांगराने शेताची खोल नांगरणी करा. त्यानंतर सूर्यप्रकाश मिळण्यासाठी शेत काही दिवस मोकळे सोडावे. त्यानंतर शेतात योग्य प्रमाणात जुने शेणखत टाकून ते जमिनीत चांगले मिसळावे. खत जमिनीत मिसळण्यासाठी शेताची दोन ते तीन तिरपी करा. नांगरणीनंतर शेतात पाणी टाकून ते स्वच्छ करावे. नांगरणीनंतर जेव्हा शेताची माती वरून कोरडी दिसू लागते तेव्हा पुन्हा शेतात नांगरणी केल्यावर त्यामध्ये रोटाव्हेटर चालवून माती बारीक करावी. त्यानंतर फील्ड लेव्हल करा.

पेरणी काळ :

काळ्या हळदीच्या पेरणीसाठी योग्य काळ हा पावसाळा मानला जातो. पेरणीसाठी सर्वोत्तम वेळ जून-जुलै आहे. मात्र, सिंचनाचे साधन असल्यास मे महिन्यातही पेरणी करता येते.

 बियांचे प्रमाण:

काळ्या हळदीच्या लागवडीसाठी हेक्टरी 20 क्विंटल कंद आवश्यक आहेत. त्याच्या कंदांना लावणीपूर्वी योग्य प्रमाणात बाविस्टिनची प्रक्रिया करावी. कंद बाविस्टिनच्या 2% द्रावणात 15 ते 20 मिनिटे बुडवून ठेवावेत कारण त्याच्या लागवडीत बियाण्यांवर जास्त खर्च होतो.

 पेरण्याची/लावणीची पद्धत :

काळ्या हळदीचे कंद ओळीत लावले जातात. प्रत्येक ओळीत दीड ते दोन फूट अंतर असावे. ओळीत लागवड करावयाच्या कंदांमधील अंतर सुमारे 20 ते 25 सें.मी. पाहिजे कंदांची लागवड जमिनीत 7 सें.मी. खोलवर केले पाहिजे. रोपाच्या स्वरूपात, त्याच्या लागवडीच्या कड्यांमध्ये एक ते दीड फूट अंतर असावे. रिजवरील वनस्पतींमधील अंतर 25 ते 30 सें.मी. पाहिजे प्रत्येक मेंढ्याची रुंदी सुमारे अर्धा फूट ठेवावी.

 खत प्रमाण :

शेत तयार करताना जुने शेणखत मातीत मिसळून झाडांना द्यावे. एकरी 10 ते 12 टन कुजलेले शेण टाकावे. घरी तयार केलेले जीवामृत झाडांना सिंचनासोबत द्यावे.

 कापणी :

काळ्या हळदीचे पीक लावणीपासून २५० दिवसांनी काढणीसाठी तयार होते. कंद खोदण्याचे काम जानेवारी-मार्चमध्ये केले जाते.

उत्पन्न :

त्याची योग्य पद्धतीने लागवड केल्यास एका एकरात सुमारे 50-60 क्विंटल कच्ची हळद म्हणजेच सुमारे 12-15 क्विंटल कोरडी हळद मिळू शकते. 

नफा :

काळी हळद बाजारात सहज 500 रुपयांना विकली जाते.काळी हळद बाजारात फक्त 500 रुपयांना विकली गेली तर 15 क्विंटलमध्ये तुम्हाला 7.5 लाख रुपयांचा नफा मिळेल. बियाणे, नांगरणी, सिंचन, खोदकाम यासाठी तुम्ही अडीच लाख रुपयांपर्यंत खर्च केला तरीही तुम्हाला 5 लाख रुपयांचा नफा मिळेल.

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चिंच प्रक्रिया उद्योग व त्यासाठी लागणारे बहुपयोगी यंत्रे

 

चिंच प्रक्रिया उद्योग व  त्यासाठी लागणारे बहुपयोगी यंत्रे

प्रास्ताविक :

चिंच हे टॅमरिंडस इंडिका झाडाचे फळ आहे, त्याचा उपयोग खाद्य पदार्थाची चव वाढविणारा घटक किंवा अमचूर सारखा ॲसिड्युलेंट म्हणून केला जातो.चिंच हा कॅसलॅपीनिआसी कुटुंबातील झाड आहे. हे उष्ण कटिबंधीय आणि उपोष्णकटिबंधीय प्रदेशात मोठ्याप्रमाणात वाढते. हिमालय आणि पश्चिम कोरडे प्रदेश वगळता देशातील सर्व राज्यात याची लागवड केली जाते. चिंचेच्या झाडाचा आकार हा मोठा असतो. हा हळू वाढणारा आणि सदाबहार वृक्ष आहे. त्याच्या खोडाचा व्यास १.५ – २ मीटर पर्यंत असतो. तो २०-३० मीटर उंच वाढू शकतो. चिंचेच्या फळांची लांबी साधारणतः ५ ते १४ से.मी. आणि २ सें.मी. रुंद असते. हा एक शेंग प्रकारातील फळ आहे. ज्याला कडक, तपकिरी रंगाचा कवच आहे. फळे पूर्णपणे पिकल्यावर कवच ठिसूळ आणि सहज मोडणारे असते. शेंगामध्ये १ ते १२ मोठे सपाट चकचकीत तपकिरी रंगाच्या बिया असतात.चिंच अलिकडे इंडोनेशिया, तैवान आणि फिलिपिन्समध्ये बोनसाई (कुंड्यामध्ये उगवलेले सजावटीचे झाड किंवा झुडूप कृत्रिमरित्या लहान आकार असलेले झाड) म्हणून लोकप्रिय झाले आहे

चिंचेच्या झाडाचा प्रत्येक भाग, विशेषतः फळ समाजासाठी फायदेशीर आहे. चटणी, लोणचे, केच अप, सॉस, आईस्क्रिम, सरबत आणि लोणच्यामध्ये चिंच फळाचा लगदा महत्वाचा घटक आहे. चिंच ही आयुर्वेद व औषधी प्रणालीमध्ये मोठ्याप्रमाणात वापरली जाते. चिंचेचे पदार्थ हे तापामध्ये शरीर थंड ठेवणारे घटक व औषध म्हणून सर्वत्र ओळखले जातात. चिंचेच्या फळांच्या लगद्याचा उपयोग पाचन, पित्त विकारांवर उपाय म्हणून, उन्हाची झळ, धोत्र्याच्या फुलाची विषबाधा आणि मादक नशा कमी करण्यासाठी केला जातो. चिंचेचे पेय जगभरात लोकप्रिय आहे. मसालेदार चिंचेचे पेय बनविण्याचे सूत्र भारतात विकसित केले गेले आहेत.

चिंचांचा उपयोग :

चिंचांची उत्तम चटणी बनवतात. सॉस व सरबत बनवतात, युरोप, अमेरिकेत चिंचेतील आंबट रसायन वापरून उत्तम आरोग्यदायी पेय बनवितात. कैरीच्या पन्ह्याप्रमाणे चिंचेपासून पन्हे बनवतात. चटकदार भेळ, पाणीपुरी यांसाठी चिंचेचे पाणी वापरतात. याशिवाय अनेक खाद्यपदार्थात चिंचेचा वापर करण्यात येतो. अनेक औषधात चिंचांचा उपयोग करतात. चिंचेची पावडर बनवतात. तिचा उपयोग गोळ्या, बिस्किटे व चॉकलेटमध्ये करतात.

साखर किंवा गूळ मिसळून चिंच खातात. चिंचा वाळल्यावर हाताने सहज सोलल्या जातात. सोलल्यावर बुटुकातून चिंचोका (बी) बाहेर निघतो. तो चवीला तुरट असतो. हा चिंचोका बहुगुणी आहे. त्यात पेक्टिन नावाचे द्रव्य असते. त्याचा जेली व मुरांबा तयार करण्यासाठी उपयोग केला जातो.

चिंचोक्यात पेक्टिन बरोबरच स्टार्च व टॅनिन असते. रानावनात राहणारे आदिवासी चिंचोक्याच्या पिठाची भाकरी करून खातात. तसेच त्या पिठाची खळही बनवितात. चिंचोके भाजून किंवा उकडून खातात. गुरांच्या खड्यात चिंचोक्याच्या पीठाचा वापर करतात. लोकर व रेशीम, इतर धाग्यांचे कापड विणताना चिंचोक्याच्या टरफरलाचा उपयोग केला जातो. घोंगड्यांना खळ देण्यासाठी चिचोक्याच्या टरफलाचा उपयोग केला जातो. घोंगड्यांना खळ देण्यासाठी चिंचोक्यांचा उपयोग केला जातो.

चिंचेचे अनेक औद्योगिक वापरही आहेत. चिंचोके भाजून त्यापासून केलेल्या पिठाचा वापर ब्रेड, बिस्किटामध्येही केला जातो. चिंचोक्याच्या वापर स्टार्च निर्मितीसाठी करतात. स्टार्चचा वापर सुती कापड व घोगड्यांना कडकपणा आणण्यासाठी केला जातो. कातडी कमावण्याच्या उद्योगात चिंचोक्यांच्या काळपट तांबडसर टरफलांचा वापर मोठ्या प्रमाणात केला जातो. तसेच चिंचेचा पाला जनावरे आवडीने खातात. जनावरांचे खाद्य म्हणूनच याचा वापर केला जातो.

चिंचेचे औषधी गुणधर्म :

चिंचफळातला गर रोचक, दाहशामक व रक्तपित्तशामक असतो. लघवीच्या विकारावर चिंचेच्या टरफलांची राख देतात. फुले रक्तसंग्राहक आहेत. चिंचपन्हे पित्त व इतर ज्वरात होणाऱ्या जुलाबावर देतात. लचक-मुरगळा, व्रण बरा होण्यासाठी त्यावर चिंचपाला ठेचून बांधतात. चिंचपाला सारक, रूचकर व रक्तदोषनाशक असतो. त्यात टार्टरिक अॅसिड व क्षारादी औषधी गुणधर्म असतात. पाळीव जनावरांची पचनक्रिया बिघडली असता त्यास चिंचपाला व लिंबपाला मिश्रित चारा खाऊ घालतात.

गुरांची मान व पाय सुजीवर चिंचपाला व वारूळाची माती उकळत्या पाण्यात कढवून त्याचा लेप करतात. पोटात कळा येत असतील, पातळ जुलाब होत असतील तर भाताच्या पेजेत चिंचपाला वाटून ते मिश्रण औषधासारखे द्यावे. त्याने अतिसार थांबतात, असे वैद्यराज सांगतात. पाल्याच्या रसात तुरटी उगाळून त्यात कापडाची पट्टी भिजवून डोळ्यावर बांधल्यास नेत्रविकास बरा होतो. चिंचेच्या कोवळ्या पानांची चटणी व कोशिंबीर फारच रूचकर लागते. चटणीत चवीला गुळ, हिंग व तिखट किंवा हिरवी मिरची वाटून टाकतात.

चिंचफळातल्या चिंलोक्याचेही अनेक औषधी उपयोग आपल्या प्राचीन ग्रंथपुराणात सांगितले आहेत. भोजनानंतर मुखशुध्दीसाठी चिंचोका वापरतात. भाजलेल्या चिंचोक्याची टरफले काढून सुपारीसारखे चूर्ण किंवा तुकडे, भाजलेल्या खारकांचे तुकडे तसेच मीठ व लिंबयुक्त ओवा टाकतात. ही सुपारी चवदार व पाचक असते. चिंचोके वातहारक, रक्तदोषनिवारक व कफनाशक असतात.साल काढलेल्या, भाजलेल्या चिंचोक्याचे चूर्णामध्ये मध व तूपातून चाटण केल्यास कफ व कफाबरोबर रक्त पडण्याचे थांबते. पडजीभ आल्यास चिंचोका थंड पाण्यात उगाळून त्याचा लेप करतात. चिंचोका चूर्ण व हळद थंड पाण्यात मिसळून घेतल्यास गोवर व कांजिण्यात आराम पडतो. चिंचोके कुटून व यंत्रदाबानं चिंचोक्याचे तेल काढतात. ते शक्तीवर्धक असतं. चिंचपाला, चिंचफळ, चिंचोके व चिंचसाल यांचे अनेक औषधी उपयोग आहेत.

चिंच प्रक्रिया उद्योगासाठी लागणारे बहुपयोगी यंत्रे

1.  चिंचेचे टरफल काढणारे यंत्र (डिहलिंग) : 

चिंचेच्या प्रक्रियेमध्ये टरफल काढण्यासाठी मोठ्या मनुष्यबळाची आवश्यकता भासते. वाळलेल्या चिंचेचे टरफल वेगळे करण्यासाठी यंत्र बाजारात उपलब्ध आहे.

या यंत्राला २६० व्होल्ट इतक्या उर्जेची आवश्यकता असून, ते सिंगल फेज किंवा थ्री फेज अशा दोन्ही स्वरुपात उपलब्ध आहे. वजन सुमारे ६० ते ७० किलो आहे. हे यंत्र एक व्यक्ती चालवू शकते. ४०० किलो प्रति तास क्षमतेच्या यंत्राची किंमत ४० हजार रुपयांपासून पुढे आहे.

2. बिया वेगळे करणारे यंत्र (डिसिडींग):

या यंत्रामध्ये हळू फिरणारे दोन स्टेनलेस स्टीलचे रोलर असतात. एक स्थिर बार (छोटा हातोडा) असतो. चिंच स्टेनलेस स्टीलच्या रोलरमध्ये घातल्यानंतर आतील तीक्ष्ण ब्लेडमुळे उभी कापली जाते. रोलर फिरत असतान त्यावर लावलेला बार दाबला जातो. त्यामुळे चिंचेतील बिया बाहेर टाकल्या जातात. चिंच पुढील बाजूने बाहेर काढली जाते. सुट्या झालेल्या चिंचेच्या बिया काढून बादलीमध्ये साठवल्या जातात. बिया विरहित चिंचा ट्रेमध्ये जमा केल्या जातात.

एक व्यक्ती ताशी ४० ते ५० किलो चिंचाच्या बिया काढू शकतो. या यंत्रासाठी ३ एचपी विद्यूत मोटार लागते. त्यातही सिंगल हेड व डबल हेड असे दोन प्रकार उपलब्ध आहेत. थ्री फेजवर चालणाऱ्या या यंत्रासाठी ४ फूट बाय ४ फूट जागा पुरेशी असून, वजन ८० ते ९० किलो असते.

3. उष्णतारोधक साठवण टाकी (इन्सुलेटेड स्टोरेज टॅंक):

संपूर्णपणे स्टेनलेस स्टिलपासून बनलेल्या या उष्णतारोधक टाकीचे उभे आणि आडवे असे दोन प्रकार आहेत.त्यात दोन थर असून बाह्य वातावरणापासून आतील तापमान कमी किंवा अधिक ठेवता येते. प्रामुख्याने याचा वापर शीतकरणासाठी केला जातो.

या यंत्राची क्षमता १००० लिटर व त्यापेक्षा अधिक असते. त्यानुसार त्याच्या किंमती १ लाख रुपयांपासून पुढे आहेत. साध्या टाक्यांच्या तुलनेमध्ये गराची टिकवणक्षमता यात अधिक असते. प्रत्येक वापराआधी टाकी चांगल्या प्रकारे धुवून घेणे गरजेचे असते

4. चिंचेपासून गर काढणारे यंत्र (पल्पर):

मसाला उद्योगासाठी पेस्ट, साॅस,  ज्यूस, प्युरी अशा प्रक्रिया पदार्थासाठी चिंचेच्या गराची आवश्यकता असते. गर काढण्यासाठी पुर्णपणे स्वयंचलीत यंत्र उपलब्ध आहे. टरफल काढलेली चिंच किचिंत ओलसर करुन फीड हॉपरमध्ये टाकली जाते. आतील फीड रोलर्सच्या साह्याने चिंच फिरवली जाते. ब्लेडने चिंच कापून एकमेकांविरुद्ध दिशेने फिरणाऱ्या दोन रोलर्समध्ये चिंचेचा गर घट्ट दाबला जात एका भांड्यामध्ये जमा होतो. चिंचेच्या बिया व तंतुमय भाग रोलर्समधून पुढील बाजूला ढकलला जातो.

सिंगल फेजवर चालणाऱ्या या यंत्रासाठी १ व ३ एचपी क्षमतेची मोटार लागते.  २२० व्होल्ट ऊर्जेवर चालणाऱ्या यंत्रापासून एका मनुष्याच्या मदतीने प्रति तास १०० ते १५० किलो चिंच गर वेगळा केला जातो. त्याचे वजन ४० ते ५० किलो आहे. क्षमतेनुसार यंत्राची किंमत ७० हजार रुपयांपासून पुढे आहे.

5. गर भरणी यंत्र:

हे यंत्र गर, चटणी, साॅस, जॅम, प्युरी, सीरप, लस्सी, श्रीखंड इ. पदार्थ पाऊच, बाटल्या किंवा कपामध्ये भरण्यासाठी वापरतात. हाॅपरमधून प्युरी न्युमॅटिक प्रेशर फिंलीगकडे पाठवली जाते. तेथे त्यावर दाब दिला जाऊन वजन किंवा आकारमानाप्रमाणे योग्य तेवढा भाग बाटलीमध्ये भरला जातो.

अचूक वजनासाठी यामध्ये स्क्रू स्टाॅप कॅलिब्रेटेड स्केल असते. यात आकारमानानुसार ५० मिली ते १००० मिलीपर्यंत गर किंवा द्रव भरता येतो. याद्वारे एक मिनिटामध्ये १५ बाटल्या भरता येतात. संपुर्ण स्वयंचलीत यंत्राची क्षमता ६०० लिटर प्रति तास असून, वजन ६५ किलो आहे. किंमत ८० हजार रुपयांच्यापुढे आहे.

यात माणसांद्वारे चालवण्याचे यंत्रही उपलब्ध असून, त्याच्या किंमती २० हजार रुपयांपासून पुढे आहे. यंत्राला २३० व्होल्ट ऊर्जा लागते. त्याची दाब रचना ०.४ ते ०.६ एमपीए आहे. याद्वारे आपणास १० मिली पासून ते १००० मिली पर्यंत बाटल्या भरता येतात. यंत्राचे वजन सुमारे ४० किलो आहे.

6. बाष्पीभवन किटली (स्टीम जॅकेटेड कॅटल) :

चिंचेचा गर गरम करण्यासाठी व बाष्पीभवनाद्वारे त्यातील पाण्याचे प्रमाण कमी करण्यासाठी या यंत्राचा वापर होतो. त्याच प्रमाणे एक समान उष्णता आणि वाफेद्वारे चिचेंचे निर्जंतुकीकरणही केले जात असल्याने गर अधिक काळ टिकतो. या किटलीमध्ये अंतर्गंत भाग आणि बाह्य जॅकेट असे दोन भाग असतात. बाहेरून जोडलेल्या बॉयलरद्वारे आतील पोकळ भागात वाफ सोडली जाते. वाफ नियंत्रित ठेवण्यासाठी प्रेशर गेज आणि सेफ्टी वॉल्व असतात.

किटली ही एसडब्ल्यूजी स्टेनलेस स्टीलपासून बनवलेली असते. या किटल्या आपल्या आवश्यकतेनुसार ५० लिटरपासून १००० लिटर प्रति तास क्षमतेच्या उपलब्ध आहेत. या किटलीला १ एचपी क्षमतेची विद्यूत मोटार जोडलेली असते. २२० होल्ट्स, थ्री फेजवर हे यंत्र चालते. अर्ध स्वयंचलीत यंत्र स्टेनलेस स्टीलपासून बनवलेले असते. त्याची किंमत ५० ते ६० हजार रुपयांपासून पुढे आहे.

7. चिंचेची भुकटी करणारे यंत्र  :

विविध मसाले किंवा प्रक्रिया पदार्थांमध्ये चिंचेच्या भुकटीचा वापर केला जातो. यासाठी बिया काढलेली चिंच उन्हामध्ये ८ ते १० दिवस वाळवून, भुकटी करणाऱ्या यंत्राद्वारे दळून घेतली जाते.

हे अर्ध स्वयंचलित पल्व्हरायझर पुर्णपणे स्टेनलेस स्ट्रीलचे बनवले जाते. २४० होल्ट ऊर्जा, सिंगल फेजवर चालणाऱ्या या यंत्राची क्षमता १० ते २५० किलो प्रति तास आहे. या यंत्रासोबत १० किलोची स्टीलची साठवणूक टाकी खालील बाजूला जोडलेली असते. या पल्व्हरायजरची किंमत ३५ हजार रुपये आहे. हे बहुपयोगी यंत्र असून, त्यात चिंच भुकटी सोबत सर्व प्रकारचे मसाले, डाळी, गहू, तांदूळ, बाजरी, मका, नाचणी बारीक करु शकतो.

8.चिंचेचे ठोकळे :

पारंपरिक पद्धतीमध्ये चिंचेचे गोळे बनवून ते साठवले जातात. मात्र, अलिकडे यंत्राच्या साह्याने चिंचेचे साधारण अर्धा किलो वजनाचे ठोकळे बनवले जातात. बिया काढलेल्या या चिंचेच्या ठोकळ्यापासून विविध प्रक्रिया पदार्थ तयार करणे सोपे पडते.  

चिंचेचा ठोकळा बनवणारी यंत्रे स्वयंचलीत व मॅन्युअली अशा दोन्ही प्रकारात उपलब्ध आहेत. यात ५०० ग्रॅम क्षमतेच्या साच्यामध्ये बिया विरहित चिंच टाकली जाते. त्यावर हायड्रॉलिक पद्धतीने दाब टाकला जातो. थ्री फेज, २२० ते २४० व्होल्टवर चालणाऱ्या यंत्राची क्षमता ताशी २०० किलो आहे. यामध्ये मनुष्यबळावर चालणारे यंत्रही उपलब्ध आहे